GriNNder: Breaking the Memory Capacity Wall in Full-Graph GNN Training with Storage Offloading

Full-graph training of graph neural networks (GNNs) is widely used as it enables direct validation of algorithmic improvements by preserving complete neighborhood information. However, it typically requires multiple GPUs or servers, incurring substantial hardware and inter-device communication costs. While existing single-server methods reduce infrastructure requirements, they remain constrained by GPU and host memory capacity as graph sizes increase. To address this limitation, we introduce **GriNNder**, which is the first work to leverage storage devices to enable full-graph training even with limited memory. Because modern NVMe SSDs offer multi-terabyte capacities and bandwidths exceeding 10 GB/s, they provide an appealing option when memory resources are scarce. Yet, directly applying storage-based methods from other domains fails to address the unique access patterns and data dependencies in full-graph GNN training. GriNNder tackles these challenges by *structured storage offloading (SSO)*, a framework that manages the GPU-host-storage hierarchy through coordinated *cache*, *(re)gather*, and *bypass* mechanisms. To realize the framework, we devise (i) a partition-wise caching strategy for host memory that exploits the observation on cross-partition dependencies, (ii) a regathering strategy for gradient computation that eliminates redundant storage operations, and (iii) a lightweight partitioning scheme that mitigates the memory requirements of existing graph partitioners. In experiments performed over various models and datasets, GriNNder achieves up to 9.78$\times$ speedup over state-of-the-art baselines and throughput comparable to distributed systems, enabling previously infeasible large-scale full-graph training even on a single GPU.